We propose that quarks and gluon flux tubes emerge from networks of standing vacuum waves. Each unbound nucleon, in its ground state, may be electromagnetically modeled as massless quantized charge on two pairs of orbiting arcs. Each charge arc is associated with a vacuum fundamental harmonic rotating both poloidally and toroidally. These vacuum fundamental harmonics are coupled to nucleon mass-energy. A mechanism is proposed whereby unbound ground state nucleons continually regenerate their mass and charge. The charge arcs orbit on the two surfaces of a spindle torus with polar charge-exclusion zones. These ground-state models of unbound nucleons may be interpreted as two pairs of virtual Möbius bands. The optimal triangular Möbius band may explain proton uniqueness. These unbound proton and neutron models are shown to be precisely connected via a parameter dependent on neutron mass and the sum of the up and down quark masses during low energy weak interactions. Due to this precise connection, and the relatively high experimental precision of proton magnetic moment, neutron magnetic moment is calculated about two orders of magnitude more precisely than the most accurate experiments to date. This quantum network-based approach to modeling unbound low-energy nucleons calculates several other measurable parameters. This includes utilizing precise lepton vacuum interaction data to develop independent phenomenological proton and neutron vacuum interaction models accurate to 7 digits.
Verrall et al. (Tue,) studied this question.