The effect of locally applied ferulic acid on osteoblast proliferation and trabecular bone thickness in a rabbit model

Background: The preservation of the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction is essential for maintaining bone volume, which is vital for subsequent implant placement. Ferulic acid (FA), a polyphenol distinguished by its antioxidant and osteogenic properties, has the potential to augment bone regeneration. Nevertheless, its specific role in alveolar bone healing warrants further investigation. Purpose: This study assesses the effects of locally administered FA in conjunction with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) on osteoblast proliferation (Ki-67 expression) and trabecular bone thickness within a rabbit model. Materials and Methods: This in vivo experimental animal study was conducted using twenty male New Zealand white rabbits (1.5–2 kg), which were allocated into four groups (n=5): Group A received 2% FA + 98% DFDBA, Group B received 4% FA + 96% DFDBA, Group C was treated with DFDBA alone (positive control), and Group D underwent natural healing (negative control). The alveolar sockets were treated accordingly and sutured following extraction of the upper central incisor. Histological analysis involved hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical assessment of Ki67 expression to evaluate osteoblast proliferation. Trabecular bone thickness was measured through digital histomorphometry. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests. Results: Groups receiving FA (2% and 4%) demonstrated significantly higher Ki67 expression and trabecular bone thickness compared to the DFDBA-only and natural healing groups (p < 0.05). The 4% FA group exhibited the most pronounced osteogenic response. Conclusion: Local application of FA, particularly at 4%, enhances osteoblast proliferation and trabecular bone thickness in alveolar ridge preservation. This suggests its potential as an adjunct in post-extraction bone regeneration strategies.