Fruit bat (Pteropodidae) composition and diversity in the montane forests of Mt. Kampalili, Davao De Oro, Philippines

Fruit bats are important bioindicators of tropical forests because of their species richness, ecological roles, and sensitivity to environmental changes. This study assessed the species composition and diversity of fruit bats on Mt. Kampalili, Davao de Oro, Philippines, through mist-netting conducted in May and July 2023 across lower and upper montane forests. A total of 423 individuals representing nine species from seven genera were recorded. Of these, six species (66.67%) are endemic to the Philippines and two (Dyacopterus rickarti, Endangered; Ptenochirus wetmorei, Vulnerable) are threatened. Four species, Cynopterus brachyotis, Ptenochirus wetmorei, Harpyionycteris whiteheadi, and Eonycteris spelaea, were newly recorded on Mt. Kampalili in Davao de Oro, increasing the known fruit bat richness in the area to nine species. Diversity was low (H′ = 1.71), with no significant differences in species abundance between the two forest types. The presence of endemic and threatened species, combined with indications of disturbance tolerance by generalist species, highlights the ecological importance and vulnerability of Mt. Kampalili. Long-term monitoring and site-based conservation measures are recommended, particularly in lower montane areas where anthropogenic activities are more evident.