Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge. In 2022, there were an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 670,000 deaths among women worldwide. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) breast cancer accounts for approximately 70% of breast cancer diagnoses. The treatment landscape for advanced HR+)/HER2− breast cancer has been transformed by the introduction of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the first-line setting. However, therapeutic strategies following progression on CDK4/6 inhibitors remain heterogeneous and uncertainty exists in their optimal integration in clinical practice. This review aims to systematically examine available second-line and subsequent treatment options for HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer after progression on CDK4/6 inhibitors, with a focus on biomarker-driven strategies and emerging therapies. The therapeutic landscape beyond CDK4/6 inhibitors includes targeted agents guided by actionable biomarkers as well as novel selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs). In biomarker-unselected populations, options include CDK4/6 continuation strategies, endocrine monotherapy in selected cases, and cytotoxic therapy. The integration of molecular testing via next-generation sequencing has become standard of care in guiding these decisions. However, overlapping molecular alterations and a lack of consensus on treatment sequencing pose significant challenges. Prognostic factors such as circulating tumor DNA dynamics may further refine treatment personalization. Post-CDK4/6 therapy in HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer is an evolving and increasingly complex area of practice. Optimal treatment selection should be tailored to both tumor biology and patient-specific factors, supported by molecular testing and high-quality evidence.
Narváez et al. (2025) studied this question.