Effect of relay surface calibration on reconstruction capabilities of SPAD array-based non-line-of-sight imaging systems

Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) imaging creates a 3D representation of hidden scenes by probing and timestamping multi-scattered photons from an intermediate relay wall. Scannerless, SPAD array–based NLOS imaging offers greater adaptability across scenarios than the single-pixel SPAD protocol, promising more robust, real-world applications. However, our experiments demonstrate how a distorted relay wall mapping can significantly hinder NLOS reconstruction, underscoring the need for a dedicated non-confocal calibration model.