Sources and Mechanisms of Cell-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are characterized by progressive loss of neurons and neural function, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. Current pharmacological treatments primarily offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying neuronal degeneration. Cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach to restore neuronal function, modulate neuroinflammation, and promote tissue repair. Various cell types, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and neural stem/progenitor cells, have demonstrated potential in preclinical and early clinical studies. These therapies aim to replace lost neurons, secrete neurotrophic factors, and create a supportive microenvironment for endogenous repair. Despite encouraging results, challenges remain regarding cell survival, differentiation, immune rejection, tumorigenicity, and ethical considerations. This review summarizes recent advances in cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, highlights clinical applications, and discusses future perspectives for translating these therapies into effective treatments.