Experimental and Numerical Model Analysis of Pipe–Soil Interaction Under Typical Geohazard Conditions

This paper systematically investigates the interaction between pipes and soil under geo-logical disaster conditions by combining small-scale physical experiments with mul-ti-method numerical simulations. Three analytical models—namely the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) model, the traditional FEM model, and the soil spring-based Pipe–Soil Interaction (PSI) model—are employed to comparatively analyze their applicability across different geohazard scenarios. The study found that the PSI model overpredicted pipeline strain responses, indicating that traditional soil spring analytical models require modification. The traditional FEM model provided the most accurate predictions under small-displacement conditions, while the SPH-FEM model yielded more reliable results for large-displacement scenarios. The novelty of this study lies in its systematic exploration of the applicability of these three methodologies, providing scientifically grounded simulation tools for numerical modeling in engineering practice.