Exploration of Optical Vortex Preparation, Detection and Application based on Orbital Angular Momentum Characteristics

Optical vortices, as the core research object of singularity optics, are characterized by their spiral wavefront structure and determined photon orbital angular momentum. This property makes them irreplaceable in fields such as optical micro manipulation, quantum communication, biomedical and atomic optics. This article takes "principle preparation detection application" as the core framework to systematically analyze the optical vortex technology system. Firstly, it explains the physical essence of optical vortices, clarifies the spiral wavefront characteristics revealed by their optical field expressions, the "dark sky" structure caused by phase singularities, and the regulatory effect of topological charges on the direction and phase changes of spiral rotation; Secondly, in-depth analysis of the principles of mainstream preparation techniques such as geometric optical mode conversion, computational holography, spiral phase plate method, and liquid crystal spatial light modulator method is conducted, and the applicable scenarios and advantages and disadvantages of each method are clarified through multidimensional comparison; Furthermore, based on Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, the mathematical model of orbital angular momentum is derived, and the technical details and applicability of detection methods such as computational holography, interferometry (including plane wave interferometry, conjugate light interferometry, Young's double slit interferometry, Mach Zehnder interferometry), and porous interferometry are comprehensively reviewed; Finally, based on the application examples of optical vortices in optical tweezers (particle trapping and rotation), quantum secure communication (topological charge encoding), ultra cold atom confinement ("optical potential tube"), biological imaging and photodynamic therapy, etc., this paper points out the challenges of current high-power preparation bottlenecks, dynamic high-precision detection difficulties, and insufficient cross domain fusion, and looks forward to their development trends in high-power beam modulation, cross scale micro manipulation, multi-dimensional information encoding, etc., providing theoretical support and practical reference for related technology research and interdisciplinary innovation.