The Policy Paradox: Persistent Manual Scavenging Despite Reform Efforts

Manual scavenging remains a persistent issue in India despite the state claiming zero instances of the practice in recent years. This degrading occupation, deeply entrenched in the caste system, is driven by societal segregation and caste-based discrimination, affecting marginalised communities, particularly Dalits. The article analyses legislative frameworks and the key schemes launched in the past two decades, including the Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), and the National Action Plan for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE). The content analysis method is used to examine the various laws, schemes, and policies enacted to eradicate manual scavenging. The analysis reveals policy gaps, including lack of enforcement, inadequate financial support, lack of political will, and failure to dismantle caste-based discrimination. The article emphasises the need for a holistic approach to end manual scavenging, emphasising that effective reform requires policy promises and actionable, systemic change. By understanding these intersecting problems, the article aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on policy revision and social equity.