Proportion of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Relation to Macronutrient Intake and Other Determinants Among Pregnant Women in Selected Community Health Center Service Areas in Bogor 2025

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among pregnant women in Indonesia remains relatively high, ranging from 11.6% to 57.6%. This study aimed to examine the differences in the proportion of CED based on macronutrient intake and related factors. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional design with secondary data involving 124 pregnant women in selected areas served by community health centers in Bogor City and Regency. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. CED prevalence was 11.3% in the overall areas, with 10.9% in Bogor City and 11.7% in Bogor Regency. Significant differences in the CED proportion were found based on the consumption of side dishes (city area), pre-pregnancy BMI, anemia status, and supplementary food status (overall area). Pre-pregnancy undernutrition and anemia increased the risk of CED. However, the effect of side dish consumption in the city area was not strong. Strengthening the monitoring and optimization of nutritional status before conception, along with effective anemia prevention and management, are key strategies for preventing CED in pregnant women.