The Impact of Marital Crises and the Social–Emotional Development of Children

Conflict, separation, domestic violence, and economic stress, are some marital crises that pose serious risks to children’s development. This study examined how these challenges affect the wellbeing and social adjustment of school-aged children in Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. A mixed-method design was used in this research. A composite Marital Crisis Index was developed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression models. The findings revealed that children from highly unstable homes showed sharp declines in school attendance, with a correlation of minus 0.82, and weaker academic performance, with a correlation of minus 0.42. Their self-esteem dropped significantly, correlating at minus 0.62, as depression and anxiety increased with positive correlations of 0.63 and 0.54 respectively, all at high levels of statistical significance. Social risks were also evident: children in high-crisis families were more than twice as likely to experience bullying, with an odds ratio of 2.41, and delinquent behaviors increased by 25% as shown by an incidence rate ratio of 1.25. However, protective factors reduced these risks. Extended family support improved academic outcomes and lowered both bullying and delinquency, while access to school counseling enhanced academic performance and reduced victimization. These results highlight the urgent need for schools, communities, and policymakers to strengthen family stability and provide targeted psychosocial support to safeguard children’s emotional health, academic success, and social resilience.