Observational findings suggest catheter perforation risk in patients, highlighting the need for echocardiography and angiography verification.
Fluoroscopic anatomy varies between patients and should be confirmed with echocardiography or angiography to avoid complications. Multipurpose A2 catheters risk cardiac perforation and must be advanced only over soft J‐tipped wires. If perforation is suspected, stabilize the catheter in place to reduce tamponade risk by wedging the site.
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Saha et al. (2025) studied this question.
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