Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and the T315I BCR::ABL1 Mutation

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by both an abnormal expansion of the granuloblastic clone and the pathognomonic presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome that generates the BCR::ABL1 oncoprotein. Despite the surfacing of tyrosine kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) in 2001, which changed the evolution of the disease, resistance due to point mutation or compound alteration during treatment with target therapy may occur. One of the mutations that is still an on-going challenge in clinical and scientific field is the T315I mutation, since it gives patients a poor prognosis attributable to acquired resistance to therapy. In the following narrative review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the T315I mutation, explore the most suitable treatment options, examine the role of third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and outline potential future therapeutic strategies.