Scoping review reveals functional electrical stimulation validation needs for improved patient outcomes and technology readiness.
Optimal control-driven FES can produce accurate motions and reduce fatigue. Yet clinical adoption is slowed down by the lack of consensus on modeling approaches, inconvenient model identification protocols and limited validation. Additional barriers include insufficient open-science practices, inconsistent computational performance reporting and limited customizable commercial hardware availability. Comparative FES model studies and longitudinal trials with large cohorts, among other efforts, are required to improve the technology readiness level. Such advances would help clinical adoption and improve patient outcomes.
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Co et al. (2025) studied this question.
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