Long-term exposure to black carbon increases asthma and COPD risk in adults, highlighting a need for improved air quality regulations.
We observed that BC is an independent risk factor for developing chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD, and BC may play a more significant role than PM2.5. This underscored the need for targeted air quality regulations to reduce BC emissions, which may have a greater impact on mitigating the burden of chronic respiratory diseases than focusing solely on PM2.5.
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Zhang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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