Non-coding RNAs in programmed cell death regulation in melanoma: mechanisms and therapeutic insights

Melanoma, the most deadly type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes, has seen its sharp increase in occurrence worldwide, especially with increased UV radiation exposure., making it a serious public health problem. Despite significant improvements in early diagnosis and treatment techniques, effectively treating melanoma patients, particularly those with metastatic cancer. Resistance to programmed cell death is a characteristic of many malignancies, including melanoma, which affects cellular development, survival, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Non-coding RNAs have been shown in recent research to be essential regulators of several biological processes, including programmed cell death. Research indicates that ncRNAs can have either pro-tumorigenic (causing resistance to cell death) or anti-tumorigenic (causing cell death) effects, making them attractive targets for therapy as well as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. This paper thoroughly examines the role of ncRNAs in controling among other types of designed cell death in melanoma, such as anoikis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis, cuproptosis, and netosis.