Advances and Challenges in Tumor- and Stroma-Targeted Theranostic Nanoparticles for Treating Therapy-Resistant Cancer

Emerging nanomedicine strategies, particularly theranostic nanoparticles integrating imaging and therapeutic capabilities, have been developed to overcome stromal barriers, improve drug penetration, and enable real-time monitoring of treatment response. Here, we summarize several approaches developed in our group on the production and evaluation of tumor and stroma co-targeted theranostic nanoparticles. We will discuss rationales for target/ligand selection and highlight examples of preclinical studies and the potential applications for precision oncology to improve the outcome of treatment of therapy-resistant human cancers.