High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Mapping of Surface Soil Moisture Using ConvLSTM Model and Sentinel-1 Data

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in hydrological processes and serves as a key driver of rainfall-induced landslides, especially in regions with steep terrain and intense precipitation. Traditional landslide risk models often oversimplify soil moisture and infiltration dynamics, which limits their predictive accuracy. This study presents a deep learning-based framework for generating high-resolution, spatiotemporal Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) maps for Prince George’s County, Maryland—a region highly susceptible to rainfall-triggered landslides—aimed at improving infiltration modeling and landslide prediction. A Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network integrates static spatial features (elevation, slope, soil type) with multi-temporal meteorological variables (precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind speed, evapotranspiration) and vegetation indices. The model is trained using dense SSM maps derived from Sentinel-1 SAR data processed through a change detection algorithm, providing a physically meaningful alternative to sparse in-situ observations. To address data imbalance, a two-pass patch extraction strategy was implemented to enhance representation of high-SSM conditions. The framework leverages high-performance computing resources to process large-scale, multi-temporal raster datasets efficiently. Evaluation results show strong predictive performance, with the two-day model achieving R2 = 0.72, correlation = 0.85, RMSE = 0.154, and MAE = 0.103. The results demonstrate the model’s capability to produce fine-resolution, wall-to-wall SSM maps that capture the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface soil moisture, supporting the development of early warning systems and landslide hazard mitigation strategies.