Reconstructing the Right to Food as a Constitutional Right in Indonesia: Fulfilling Social Justice and Sustainable Food Security

Abstract: The right to food is a fundamental part of human rights guaranteed by the constitution, but in practice in Indonesia it is still declarative in nature and has not yet been established as a constitutional right that can be enforced by law (justiciable right). This study aims to analyze the constitutional dimensions of the right to food, identify regulatory implementation barriers, and formulate a legal reconstruction model that affirms the right to food as a constitutional responsibility of the state. The method used is normative juridical with a conceptual, legislative, and comparative international law approach. The results of the study show that Article 28A, Article 28H paragraph (1), and Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution have provided a philosophical and normative basis for the recognition of the right to food, but the absence of enforcement mechanisms makes it non-justiciable. Institutional fragmentation and regulatory disharmony, such as in the implementation of Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food, further weaken the effectiveness of the protection of these rights. Through a comparative analysis of practices in South Africa, India, and Brazil, the urgency of constitutional reconstruction that places the right to food within a rights-based approach framework with the support of effective oversight and litigation mechanisms was found. This study recommends constitutional affirmation, regulatory harmonization, and the establishment of a human rights-based food justice system. These findings emphasize that the recognition and enforcement of the right to food are prerequisites for social justice and national sovereignty in the vision of Indonesia Emas 2045.