Machine Learning-Based Wildfire Susceptibility Mapping: A GIS-Integrated Predictive Framework

Wildfires pose significant risks to ecosystems, human lives, and infrastructure, necessitating advanced predictive tools to mitigate their impacts. This study presents a machine learning-based framework for wildfire susceptibility mapping (WSM), designed as a predictive tool for wildfire occurrence. Using geographical information systems (GIS), a comprehensive dataset was developed by combining fourteen critical factors, including climatic, topographic, vegetation, and human activity data, from diverse sources. Four ML methods—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), and XGBoost—were applied and compared. The results show that the XGBoost model (with an AUC of 0.96) generated the best susceptibility map. Validation using 2024–2025 fire occurrences (MODIS and Protection Civile data) showed that 87.73% of fire events were correctly captured within high and very high susceptibility zones, confirming the robustness of the proposed model. Feature importance analysis revealed that human activities, precipitation, and temperature were the most influential in wildfire prediction. These findings provide valuable insights into wildfire dynamics and contribute to the development of more effective fire prevention and mitigation strategies.