Dual-modality Theranostic Probes: Integrative Strategies for Precision Management of Oncologic Malignancies

Cancer remains a formidable global public health challenge. Recent advancements in immunotherapy and targeted therapies have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Within this context, theranostics—an emerging field integrating molecular imaging with therapeutic interventions—has shown promise in achieving precision oncology. Central to theranostic platforms are dual-modality probes utilizing PET, fluorescence, and MRI technologies, which offer synergistic advantages such as complementary imaging modalities, intraoperative guidance, and real-time drug delivery monitoring. Despite growing research interest and early clinical trials, critical challenges persist in biosafety, metabolic stability, and imaging resolution. Structural optimization of probes and modality-specific selection based on cancer subtypes may address these limitations. This review systematically evaluates the design principles and clinical applications of dual-modality probes, and proposes actionable strategies to enhance their translational potential.