The buffering effect of spousal support in later life: mediated and moderated pathways from negative life events to loneliness among older adults

Objectives Based on stress response theory and the social ecological model, this study systematically examines the mechanisms underlying the impact of negative life events (NLEs) on loneliness among older adults, with a focus on the mediating role of marital satisfaction (MS) and the moderating effects of spousal support. Methods Employing a cross-sectional design, we administered standardized assessment tools—including the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), NLEs Inventory, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Brief Scale, and Spousal Support Scale—to a national convenience-sample of individuals aged 60 years and above, yielding 469 valid participants. Results Results indicate that NLEs exert both direct and indirect effects on loneliness, with the latter operating via reduced MS. Notably, spousal support demonstrates dual moderating effects: Low levels of support amplify the detrimental impact of adversity on marital quality and thereby intensify loneliness; whereas high levels counteract these negative pathways and foster relational resilience. Discussion This study provides the first empirical evidence for the dual-directional moderating role of spousal support, which not only buffers against stress but also cultivates relational adaptability. Findings offer critical theoretical insights for developing family-centered mental health interventions tailored to older adults.