Empirical study reveals gender and organizational factors impact speaking-up behavior in medical training, highlighting need for cultural transformation.
These findings suggest that clinical experience, gender, and scenario influence speaking-up behavior. While clinical skills improve with experience, heightened hierarchical awareness and professional relationships may increase hesitation. This implies the importance of structured policies, targeted training, and cultural transformation to foster a safe environment for speaking up. Future research should also examine psychological and organizational factors to better guide educational and systemic interventions.
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Chen et al. (2025) studied this question.
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