Stalking, Escalation, and Early Intervention: Embedding Escalation Pattern Analysis (EPA) in Domestic Abuse Safeguarding

Stalking remains one of the most persistent and psychologically destructive forms of domestic abuse. It is not simply unwanted attention; it is an intentional pattern of monitoring, intrusion, and intimidation designed to sustain fear and control. Despite progress in understanding coercive control, safeguarding systems still struggle to identify stalking’s early warning signs. This paper introduces Escalation Pattern Analysis (EPA), a behavioural model that interprets changes in frequency, intensity, and inhibition loss to detect growing danger. Drawing on recent research from criminology, psychology, technology, and public health, the paper explores how stalking evolves, how technology accelerates it, and how EPA can help police, advocates, and healthcare professionals recognise escalation before the crisis point. It argues that stalking must be treated as a public-health and safeguarding priority, not a private matter. By embedding EPA principles into multi-agency risk assessment and early warning systems, practitioners can transition from a reactive to a proactive approach, saving lives and restoring survivors’ sense of safety and dignity.