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November 10, 2025FEBS Open BioOpen Access

Autophagosome marker, LC 3, is released extracellularly via several distinct pathways

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Authors

KSKoki SaitoMAMasashi ArakawaKMKoki Maeda

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Overview

Analysis reveals multiple pathways for LC3 release in cells treated with bafilomycin A1, suggesting complex autophagy mechanisms.

Key Points

  • This research investigates the mechanisms of LC3 secretion and its dependence on autophagy processes.
  • Developed an ultrasensitive detection system using HiBiT/NanoBiT technology.
  • Analyzed HiBiT activity in knock-in cells with HiBiT-fused LC3.
  • Examined the effect of bafilomycin A1 treatment on LC3 release.
  • Identified the role of ATG5 and FIP200 knockout in LC3 secretion.
  • Detected HiBiT activity in culture supernatants from HiBiT-tagged LC3.
  • Bafilomycin A1 treatment significantly increased extracellular HiBiT activity.
  • LC3 release pathways include autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent mechanisms.
  • C-terminal truncation or mutations reduced, but did not completely inhibit, LC3 release.

Cite This Study

Saito et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69253a24c0ce034ddc3571bchttps://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.70150
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1How to Interpret LC3 Immunoblotting2007 · 2,645 citations
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  5. 5ZDHHC7-mediated S -palmitoylation of ATG16L1 facilitates LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation2024 · 52 citations