Gradual volatile memristor–based artificial neurons with high uniformity for neuromorphic computing

Artificial neurons are pivotal for neuromorphic hardware, but the development of compact and uniform devices remains challenging. Conventional volatile memristors suffer from abrupt switching, which hinders spatiotemporal consistency. In this study, we developed a two‐terminal artificial neuron with intrinsic leaky integrate‐and‐fire (LIF) dynamics, eliminating the need for bulky capacitors or additional reset circuits and enabling exceptional compactness. Crucially, the device exhibited superior spatiotemporal uniformity across arrays compared to typical volatile memristors—which show abrupt transitions—achieved through gradual volatile switching. Combined theoretical and experimental analyses revealed that this behavior resulted from the controlled formation and self‐rupture of pure oxygen vacancy–based conductive filaments, which were modulated by electric field and Joule heating. Neuronal dynamics, including the firing threshold and relaxation, were tuned by adjusting the input amplitude and frequency. To validate functionality, a two‐layer spiking neural network leveraging these neurons was developed, which achieved 97.4% accuracy on MNIST classification, rivaling ideal LIF models even under noisy conditions. This highlights the remarkable noise tolerance of the device, which is crucial for real‐world applications. This study elucidates filament‐driven volatility mechanisms and establishes a scalable approach to energy‐efficient neuromorphic systems, advancing the development of bio‐inspired computing hardware.