Scoping review highlights immune checkpoint inhibitors and toxicity in managing NMIBC, suggesting improvements through research.
Checkpoint inhibition represents a potentially transformative advance in the bladder-sparing management of NMIBC, particularly in patients unfit for or refusing radical cystectomy. However, widespread adoption will require robust phase III data combined with optimal patient selection to temper concerns regarding toxicity and cost. Ongoing research into combination regimens and local delivery may refine risk-benefit profiles and personalize treatment in the near future.
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Keane et al. (2025) studied this question.
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