Phylogenetic analysis reveals monophyletic and paraphyletic relationships among Apidae in mitogenome study.
This study describes the mitogenome of Ceratina smaragdula (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which consists of 15,591 base pairs with an AT content of 85.7%. It contains 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 Apidae insect mitogenomes shows that Xylocopinae and Nomadinae are monophyletic, while Apinae is paraphyletic. C. smaragdula is placed within Xylocopinae, forming a sister group with Ceratina okinawana. The genus Apis is closer to Lepidotrigona than to Melipona or Bombus.
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