Phylogenetic and Biochemical Analysis of the Evolution and Interdomain Modularity of Bifunctional L-Fucokinase/GDP-Fucose Pyrophosphorylases

L-fucokinase (FUK) and GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP) salvage free L-fucose and synthesize the valuable nucleotide-sugar GDP-L-fucose (GDP-Fuc). Some organisms express these enzymes as one bifunctional polypeptide called L-fucokinase/GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP), which has attracted attention for use in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of GDP-Fuc. Despite the documented use of the FKP from Bacteroides fragilis (BfFKP), the evolutionary origins of these enzymes and their relationships to monofunctional FUKs and GFPPs are poorly understood. We hypothesized that biochemical characterization of these proteins coupled with an evolutionary analysis would uncover the natural diversity of FKPs, facilitating the discovery of new biocatalysts. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity network (SSN) analyses distinguished FKPs from FUKs and GFPPs, leading to the hypothesis that FKPs originate from one ancestral fusion event between these domains. To evaluate possible functional diversity within the FKP family, we recombinantly expressed and purified a putative FKP from the thermophilic bacterium Thermophagus xiamenensis (TxFKP). This enzyme exhibited in vitro kinase and pyrophosphorylase activities and demonstrated subtle kinetic differences compared to BfFKP. While alanine scanning mutational analysis of the TxFKP FUK and GFPP domains supported the role of conserved residues that TxFKP uses to coordinate substrate binding and catalysis, other mutations in the TxFKP GFPP domain influenced kinase activity differentially for the substrates L-fucose and D-arabinose, showing an unprecedented role for the GFPP domain in FUK substrate specificity. Finally, thermal shift profiles of TxFKP and BfFKP were biphasic and provided new insights into how these enzymes have evolved to respond to different sugar substrates.