Sociodemographic Profile and Economic Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Maintenance Haemodialysis in Health Facilities of Agra City: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern worldwide. Maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) is a critical treatment for end-stage renal disease patients. Despite the existence of government subsidies, patients undergoing MHD face considerable economic burdens, particularly in low- and middle-income regions such as Agra. Aim and Objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to determine the sociodemographic profile and economic burden of CKD patients on MHD in health facilities of Agra city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two government and one charitable healthcare facility in Agra city. Data were collected from 250 patients aged 18 years and above using a pre-tested questionnaire. Informed consent and institutional approvals were obtained. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2021 and free Jamovi software version 2.6.25. Results: Amongst the study participants, more were aged 18–45 years (48.4%), male (62.4%) and from urban areas (60.8%). The economic burden was substantial, with 99.6% of patients incurring out-of-pocket expenses and 76.4% facing catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). Distress financing affected 65.2% patients. CHE was most prevalent in the lower-middle class (28.4%) and least in the upper class (1.2%), with a significant increase in CHE from upper to lower middle class ( P = 0.000). Conclusions: The study highlights that the most affected group was male aged 18–45 years, from urban areas. The majority incurring out-of-pocket expenses with a high prevalence of CHE. Distress financing was common, particularly amongst the lower middle socioeconomic class, indicating a significant positive association between economic status and financial hardship due to healthcare costs.