Polymorphism of Five Exons of the vtg gene Apis cerana in Populations of Russia, South Korea and Vietnam

The best-known kitchen modules of the Apidae are the honey bees Apis mellifera and the wax bee Apis cerana. Compared to the honey bee, A. cerana is somewhat smaller in size, although it lives with it. The wax bee is native to temperate and tropical Asia, ranging from Afghanistan to Korea and Japan, north to the Himalayan foothills, as well as eastern Russia and south through Indonesia. The learning of bees to a changing environment is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology and is critical to protecting species in the face of climate change. In this method, five exons (from 3 to 7) of the vitellogenin gene vtg were sequenced to study the taxonomic relationships of individual populations and subspecies of A. cerana. Our detailed studies of the defensin 1 and 2 genes (def1 and def2) revealed the peculiarity of the structure of A. cerana in Vietnam, probably due to the geographical location of this direction. Currently, we confirm this assumption based on the analysis of the polymorphism of the vtg gene , which encodes a protein that implements the genetic control of immunity, oogenesis and lifespan. conservation within the protein may have selective significance for local populations. The vtg gene also contributes to the adaptation of bees to a cold climate. It is believed that the survival of long-lived representatives of various bee species, among other things, is associated with the development of the ability to accumulate vitellogenin, which can determine the differences in the stages of proteins in bees living in different conditions.