Characteristics of Non-Kolmogorov Atmospheric Optical Turbulence for High-resolution Astronomical Observations

This paper is devoted to the study of atmospheric optical turbulence using both measurements within the atmospheric surface layer and modeling data for the entire optically active atmosphere. Estimates of the structure characteristics of Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov atmospheric optical turbulence are presented. Approaches for calculations of atmospheric coherence lengths, including the Fried parameter, the Bump length, and the coherence lengths of non-Kolmogorov optical turbulence of turbulent air temperature fluctuations sensitive to deformations of the energy spectrum are discussed. Estimates of the daytime atmospheric angular resolution (seeing) at the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope site are given. Developed methodological foundations for calculating characteristics of optical turbulence and atmospheric angular resolution can be applied to other astronomical observatories (both solar and stellar).