Transducer Materials for Wireless Neuromodulation

Wireless neuromodulation technology is rapidly advancing as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. It relies on the safe and efficient conversion of external physical energy into precise biological modulation signals. Transducer materials are pivotal components in wireless neuromodulation tools, enabling highly efficient energy conversion, miniaturization, and precise signal delivery. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic investigation into the mechanisms connecting various physical energy modalities (e.g., light, magnetic fields, ultrasound) with neuromodulation techniques such as optogenetics, thermogenetics, and electrical stimulation. It thoroughly delineates the material design, physical mechanisms, regulatory features, and animal model verification for each conversion mechanism. Important areas for future research include developing intelligent, multimodal, and integrated nanoregulation platforms, enhancing the long‐term biosafety assessment of materials, elucidating the dose–effect relationship, and establishing a robust preclinical verification system.