Clinical Practice and Survey of Three‐Dimensional Images, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality for Robotic‐Assisted Surgery in Urology—“Anatomy on the Border” Expert Consensus Meeting

Background and Objectives There have been no nationwide surveys on the effectiveness of 3D images, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in robotic‐assisted surgery for urology. This study aimed to conduct a nationwide survey of techniques for laparoscopic and robotic 3D images, VR, AR, and MR in urology, and to propose a consensus on their effectiveness. Material and Methods In July 2024, the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery conducted an anonymous online survey to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D images, VR, AR, and MR among 44 certified laparoscopic technicians and qualified proctors in robotic surgery. Results Thirty‐two urologists surveyed reported using 3D imaging for preoperative evaluation (84%) and to understand anatomy (75%), with 97% reporting clinical benefits and 85% indicating that it improved the quality of surgery. This widespread usage and the reported benefits of 3D imaging in urology should reassure the audience about the effectiveness of this technology. VR/AR/MR were primarily used for simulation (19%) and navigation (16%). While 63% expressed interest in these technologies, 51% reported never having used them. Among the barriers to adoption, 25% cited high cost, 24% cited the effort required for data processing, and 14% cited the difficulty of use. Conclusion 3D images and VR/AR/MR technologies were expected to play a pivotal role in urological robotic surgery. These technologies have the potential to enhance precision and improve outcomes significantly. This study provided a comprehensive overview of the current usage status and challenges associated with these techniques.