Educational Impact of a 3D Canine Vascular Simulator for Learning Anatomy and Interventional Radiology Techniques in Veterinary Training

Background: Simulation-based teaching is increasingly important in veterinary training, especially for learning anatomy and interventional techniques where real-life exposure is limited. Methods: A handcrafted 3D simulator replicating the canine abdominal arterial system was developed and tested with 80 veterinary students and graduates. A quasi-experimental pre–post design evaluated theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and self-perceived competence after a structured training session including anatomical identification, catheter navigation, and the Seldinger technique. Results: Post-training results showed significant improvements in all domains. Theoretical test scores increased by over 25% (p < 0.001), and more than 85% of participants correctly identified target arteries after training. Navigation success rose to 90%, with shorter execution times and fewer errors. Participants reported increased confidence and satisfaction with the realism and educational value of the simulator. Conclusions: The 3D vascular simulator effectively enhanced learning outcomes and confidence in interventional radiology. Its low-cost, handcrafted design makes it a feasible and valuable educational tool for veterinary institutions lacking access to high-fidelity commercial simulators.