December 4, 2025BMC ChemistryOpen Access

Optimizing and characterization of titanium dioxide extracted from black sand using response surface methodology (RSM)

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Maximum conversion of 84% for titanium dioxide achieved at optimal conditions: temperature 120℃, sulfuric acid 12M, time 4.2h.
Characterization techniques including X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction confirm the chemical composition and anatase phase of titanium dioxide produced.
Recovery process utilizes hydrolysis and EDTA complexation to separate iron, addressing high weight% presence in the raw material.
Purity of titanium dioxide reaches 96.4%, with average particle size measured at approximately 78.82 nm.

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Response surface methodology demonstrates optimized titanium dioxide recovery from black sand, suggesting high purity applications.

Farouk et al. (2025) studied this question.

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