Clinical approach to periodontal plastic surgery: A narrative review

Periodontal plastic surgery (PPS) encompasses surgical procedures aimed at correcting anatomical deficiencies such as inadequate width and thickness of attached gingiva, gingival recession (GR), aberrant frenulum attachment, and shallow vestibular depth. The primary objectives of PPS are to ensure sufficient width and thickness of keratinized gingiva, manage GR through root coverage of exposed root surfaces, deepen the vestibule for functional improvement, and enhance esthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the fundamental concepts, major surgical techniques, and recent advances in PPS that are essential for clinical practice.