Analysis of changes in serum VEGF, β -hCG, and sFlt-1 levels in women with placenta accreta spectrum and the impact on prognosis

Objectives To explore serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), β -subunit human chorionic gonadotropin ( β -hCG), and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinasereceptor 1 (sFlt-1) levels in pregnant women with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and their prognostic implications. Methods Serum levels were measured in PAS patients and non-PAS controls. Depending on the depth of placental penetration into the uterine wall, PAS patients were further classified into placenta accreta, placenta increta and placenta percreta subgroups. Diagnostic efficacy of individual biomarkers and combined indices was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Correlations between biomarker levels, disease severity, and prognosis were analyzed. Results Serum levels of VEGF and β -hCG showed significant positive correlations with the extent of PAS invasion, whereas sFlt-1 levels were inversely associated with disease progression. Combined pregnancy complications, elevated serum VEGF levels and decreased serum sFlt-1 levels were risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with PAS. The AUC values of the indicators combined to predict the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with PAS were greater than serum VEGF, hCG, and sFlt-1 levels alone. Conclusions Serum levels of VEGF, β -hCG, and sFlt-1 demonstrate the potential to differentiate between women with and without PAS, and further exhibit a correlation with the depth of myometrial invasion in PAS cases. The combined use of these serum markers enhances both the sensitivity and specificity of prenatal diagnosis and prognostic assessment for PAS compared to individual markers, thereby offering valuable guidance for clinical diagnosis and management of PAS.