This paper reports on the study of turbulence at various locations in Hong Kong during Typhoon Wipha in July 2025, including turbulence intensity based on Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems and radiosondes, observations by microclimate stations, and low-level windshear and turbulence at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) by LIDAR, flight data, and pilot reports. Although the observation period was primarily limited to 20 July 2025, passage of a typhoon over a densely instrumented urban area is uncommon; these observations on turbulent flow associated with typhoons therefore can serve as valuable benchmarks for similar studies on turbulent flow associated with typhoons in other coastal areas, particularly for operational alerts in aviation. To assess the predictability of turbulence, the eddy dissipation rate (EDR) was derived from a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model using diagnostic and reconstruction approaches. Compared with radiosonde data, both approaches performed similarly in the shear-dominated low-level atmosphere, while the diagnostic approach outperformed when buoyancy became important. This result highlights the importance of incorporating buoyancy effects in the reconstruction approach if the EDR diagnostic is not available. The high-resolution NWP was also used to provide time-varying boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics simulations in urban areas, and its limitations were discussed. This study also demonstrated the difficulty of capturing low-level windshear encountered by departing aircraft in an operational environment and demonstrated that a trajectory-aware method for deriving headwind could align more closely with onboard measurements than the standard fixed-path product.
Lo et al. (Tue,) studied this question.