Impact of Extrusion on Biofunctional, Rheological, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Corn Starch/Whey Protein Isolate Blends During In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

This study examines the effects of extrusion cooking on the biofunctional, rheological, thermal, and structural properties of corn starch (CS)/whey protein isolate (WPI) blends (100/0, 50/50, 0/100 w/w, both raw and extruded) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Extrusion and in vitro digestion increased antioxidant activity (2,2′-Azino-Bis (3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) Diammonium Salt and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl). Extrusion improved the bioaccessibility of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-1) inhibitory peptides, leading to high inhibition (>90%) in the intestinal phase across all samples, with this effect consistent between raw and extruded samples during digestion. The in vitro digestion process changes the rheological behavior of the samples, from a non-Newtonian fluid (dilatant) to a Newtonian fluid. Notably, extruded CS maintained pseudoplastic behavior across all phases. Thermally, extrusion resulted in complete gelatinization of CS and denaturation of WPI, as evidenced by the absence of endotherms. Structurally, extrusion induced unfolding of WPI α-helix and β-sheet regions, leading to the formation of β-turns and random coils, which could enhance enzyme accessibility. For CS, a decrease in the degree of double helix and order was observed, indicating an alteration of its ordered molecular structure. Additionally, the extrusion process slightly increased the amount of resistant starch. This work shows that extrusion generates antioxidant compounds by bioactive peptide release.