Noise-dominated systems represent the boundary of the CPD framework: regimes where randomness—external or internally amplified—overwhelms the organizing influence of capacity C, packingpressure P, and geometric flux Q. Unlike C-, P-, or Q-dominated systems, noise-dominated dynamicscannot sustain persistent structure in the C–P domain, and transitions become unpredictableexcept in a statistical sense
Pasternak Andrew (Sat,) studied this question.