Advances in the upscaling of high‐quality perovskite absorbers for solar cells

Lab‐scale perovskite solar cells have shown ever‐increasing power conversion efficiency in recent years. However, practical deployment is hindered by inferior device performance when upscaling from lab‐scale cells to large‐area modules. One such limitation originates from the poor thin‐film quality of large‐area modules. As a result, it is imperative to address the difficulties in fabricating high‐quality perovskite absorbers. Herein, we analyze the fundamental challenges existing in large‐area perovskite film fabrication, covering everything from crystal nucleation to thin‐film growth and passivation. We then discuss a feasible roadmap to enhancing large‐area modules through precursor chemistry strategies. These strategies encompass precursor design (solvent selection and additive engineering), drying process modulation (uniform drying, wide processing window, and high throughput), and annealing optimization (moderate annealing and thermal management). In addition, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of scalable deposition methods used in the present upscaling devices. This work provides strategic insights and practical guidelines for minimizing efficiency loss and accelerating the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.