Introduction Simulation is a mandatory component of surgical training; the challenge remains to develop ‘close-to-real’ training. Management of paediatric elbow fractures is an obligatory competence for completion of training in Trauma and Orthopaedics. Current methods use dry bone simulation to teach wire configuration, but intra-operative radiographic interpretation is not possible. Methods This proof-of-concept study aimed to explore a novel three-dimensional (3D) printed model with real-time intra-operative radiographic feedback in the training of orthopaedic surgeons. In conjunction with Axial 3D Printing (Belfast, Northern Ireland), a child’s elbow model was produced with radiopaque ‘bone’ and flexible radiolucent ‘soft tissues’ technology to produce a high-fidelity paediatric elbow model, suitable to be used under fluoroscopic guidance, as an adjunct to teaching Kirschner wiring of a supracondylar fracture. Nineteen orthopaedic trainees participated in simulation training. During the simulation, the participants were assessed using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills in addition to completion of pre- and post-training surveys. Results Positive responses were received regarding the model’s usefulness for simulation training, particularly regarding the highly anatomical radiographic appearances. A 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate self-confidence in performing the procedure pre- and post-simulation teaching. There was an average improvement in confidence of 1.15 for performing supracondylar K-wiring, following the simulation workshop. Discussion This new 3D printing technique demonstrates a further development in modern surgical training. Sawbones have numerous limitations, while the costs and practicalities of cadaveric training remain prohibitive. By combining realism and low risk, these 3D printed models may offer a solution to these challenges and contribute to enhanced patient care.
Gilmore et al. (Thu,) studied this question.