Autoimmune Neuromuscular Disorders at a Molecular Crossroad: Linking Pathogenesis to Targeted Immunotherapy

Myasthenia gravis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are among the most widely recognized autoimmune neuromuscular disorders. Although they differ in clinical presentation, shared immunopathogenic mechanisms place them at a molecular crossroads. Evidence of overlapping pathways has led to the development of targeted strategies including complement inhibition, FcRn antagonism, B-cell depletion, and the CAR-T cell approach. In this review, we analyze current knowledge regarding pathogenic mechanisms and their link to immunotherapy, extensively outlining both similarities and distinctions. We further discuss existing challenges, including diagnostic limitations and refractory disease variants, how technological advances have already addressed some of these issues, and where further progress is still needed.