Immunological non-response (INR) to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical concern for PLHIV, characterized by inadequate CD4+ T-cell recovery despite virological suppression. This retrospective study analyzed medical records of virologically suppressed adult PLHIV on ART (2004–2024) at two hospitals in Surabaya, Indonesia, using four operational categories to identify clinical and demographic determinants of INR. Patients were classified as immunological responders (IRs) or non-responders (INRs) based on four definitions: INR1 (CD4+ gain 20 vs. INR: <10 cells/mm3/month). INR1 and INR4 had flat or negative slopes at 12–24 months, while IR groups had positive slopes. Baseline CD4+ was the strongest INR predictor, suggesting the value of early ART and individualized care for Indonesian PLHIV.
Rahayu et al. (2025) studied this question.