Findings show EMG-based propulsion improves muscle balance in older adults with spinal cord injuries, suggesting pain reduction.
Discussion: The findings show that the pulling method effectively engages key posterior muscles while reducing reliance on anterior muscles. This redistribution of muscular workload suggests that the pulling method may help alleviate shoulder muscle imbalance and pain commonly experienced by older adults with SCI who rely on manual wheelchairs for daily mobility.
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Kang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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