Stealthing Among Female University Students in India: Prevalence and Association With Other Forms of Sexual Violence and PTSD

Non-consensual condom removal, colloquially known as stealthing, has emerged as a critical but under-researched form of sexual violence that undermines sexual autonomy and consent. While global studies have identified its prevalence and psychological consequences, there is a lack of empirical research on stealthing in India. This cross-sectional study addresses this gap by (a) estimating the prevalence of stealthing victimization among female university students in India, (b) examining its behavioral correlates (binge drinking and substance use), and (c) examining its association with other forms of sexual violence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A sample of 395 participants was surveyed using validated self-report measures. Findings revealed that 14.4% of participants reported experiencing stealthing. Victims of stealthing were significantly more likely to report experiences of other forms of sexual violence and elevated PTSD symptoms. These results underscore the substantial psychological toll of stealthing and demonstrate its status as an independent risk factor for serious mental health outcomes and broader victimization. Given India’s socio-cultural context, this study highlights the urgent need for awareness, educational interventions, and policy responses that recognize stealthing as a consequential form of sexual violation with lasting mental health and safety implications.