The Pampas Fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus, ‘Zorro Gris Pampeano’): An Integrative Review of the Ecological, Health, and Conflict Roles of a Key Mesopredator in Southern South America

The Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is a widespread meso-predator in Southern South America, present in grasslands, agroecosystems, and human-modified landscapes. Although numerous studies have examined its diet, parasites, distribution, and behaviour, knowledge remains fragmented without an integrative synthesis. This review compiles over 150 documents from Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia to unify dispersed information. Key findings highlight unresolved taxonomy, population structure, and biogeography (based on genetic, morphological, and phylogeographic data), the species’ ecological roles as a meso-predator, seed disperser, and scavenger, and major threats (including road mortality, hunting, persecution, and interactions with domestic dogs). The Pampas fox also harbours pathogens—including zoonotic agents and those threatening livestock and pets—and is frequently stigmatised as a pest, persecuted without substantiated evidence. By integrating ecological, health, and conflict perspectives, this review provides a regional baseline, reframing its importance and guiding more effective management.