Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms

Durable vaccine-induced immunity is the basis of long-term protection against infection and disease. This review covers three topics. First, we describe the immunological foundations of durable response and its determinants (e.g., vaccine design, host, and pathogen factors). Second, we summarize the current evidence regarding the durable immune responses conferred by mRNA- and adjuvanted protein-based vaccine platforms. Lastly, we discuss the challenges in developing durable mRNA vaccines and outline future considerations.