Biofunctionalization of Stem Cell Scaffold for Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration

Repairing bone defects resulting from trauma, tumor resection, or pathological conditions remains a significant clinical challenge. While conventional bone grafting techniques are constrained by inherent limitations, stem cell-based tissue engineering scaffolds offer a promising therapeutic alternative. The ideal scaffold should not only serve as a structural support but, more importantly, must establish a bioactive microenvironment capable of directing stem cell osteogenic differentiation. Consequently, scaffold biofunctionalization has emerged as a fundamental strategy for achieving effective bone regeneration. This review comprehensively examines the primary materials utilized in bone regeneration scaffolds and systematically analyzes key biofunctionalization approaches, including surface modification, incorporation of bioactive molecules, and integration of functional ions. Moreover, it thoroughly discusses the mechanisms through which biofunctionalized scaffolds modulate stem cell behavior and enhance bone repair in vivo. Finally, the article provides insights into future research directions and emerging trends, aiming to inform the rational design and development of advanced bone regeneration scaffolds.